1.SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
➧Digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan sehari hari,kebiasaan yang sering dilakukan,kebenaran umum,suatu pernyataan diwaktu sekarang.
Rumus:
VERBAL
(+)S+V1(S/ES). I,YOU,WE,THEY➨DO
(-)S+DO/DOES+NOT+V1. HE,SHE,IT➨DOES
(?)DO/DOES+S+V1+? HE,SHE,IT➨S/ES
Contoh:
(+) She does homework. (+)They play foodball.
(+) She doesn do homework. (-) They don't ply foodball.
(-) Does she do homework? (?) Do they play foodball?
NOMINAL
(+)S+TO BE(IS,AM,ARE)+COMPLEMENT.
(-)S+TO BE+NOT+C.
(?)TO BE+S+C+?
Complement terdiri dari:
-Adjective:happy,good,sad...etc.
-Noun:student,driver,a pen ...etc.
-Adverb:
-Adverb of place:here,there,at surabaya
-Adverb of time:yesterday,tomorrow...etc.
-Adverb of manner:quickly,slowly...etc
-Adverb of frequency:always,usually...etc.
-Pronoun:mine,yours,..etc.
Contoh:
(+)She is here
(-)She is not here
(?)Is she here?
Cara-cara menambah s/es pada V1
1.Berakhiran(s,sh,ch,x,o) ditambah"es"
-kiss -kisses
-catch -catches
-Go -goes
-wash washes
-fix -fixes
-do -does
2.Berakhiran"y" yang didahului konsonan diubah jadi"ies"
-study -studies
-fry -fries
-try -tries
-dry -dries
-cry -cries
-fly -flies
3.Berakhiran"y" tapi didahului vocal maka cukup + "s"
-ply -plays
-say -says
-buy buys
4.Secara umum ditambah"s"
-call -calls
-bring brings
-write -writes
Adverb of time yang digunakan:every day,every week,today,tonight,this week.
Adverb of frequency:Often,always,generally,usually,seldom,sometimes.
2.PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
➧Didunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada saat sekarang.
Adverb of time yang digunakan:now,at present,at this moment
Rumus:
(+)S+TO BE(IS,AM,ARE)+V-ING. I➨AM
(-)S+TO BE+NOT+V-ING. YOU,WE,THEY➨ARE
(?)TO BE+S+V-ING+? HE,SHE,IT➨IS
Contoh:
(+)He is driving a car. (+)I am eating rice.
(-)He is not driving a car. (-)I am not eating rice.
(?)Is he driving a car? (?)Am I eating rice?
Verb yang tidak lazim digunakan dalam"continuous tense"
➧Mental state:
know,believe,imagine,want,realize,feel,doubt,need,mean,understand,suppose,remember,prefer,recognize,think,forget.
➧Emotional state
love,hate ,fear,mind,appreciate,like,dislike,envy,care.
➧Possession
possess,have,own,belong
➧Sense of perception
taste,hear,see,smell,feel
➧Other existing
Seem,cost,be,consist of,contain,look,owe,exist,appear,weigh,include.
Ketentuan pembentukan v-ing
1.Seara umum itambah-ing
-speak -speaking
-test -testing
-call -calling
-train -training
2.Pada kata-kata kerja yang terdiri dari satu suku kata dan dibaca pendek ,dan di akhiri dengan satu huruf mati,maka huruf mati terakhir digandakan.
-bid -bidding
-get -getting
-sit -sitting
-set -setting
3.Jika bersuku kata dua dan di akhiri dengan huruf mati"L" maka huruf"L" digandakan lalu ditambah-ing
travel -traveling
-quarrel -quarrelling
kecuali jika"L" didahului dua vocal,hanya ditambah-ing
-deal -dealing
-sail -sailing
4.Jika di akhiri dengan huruf"e" yang didahului konsonan maka huruf"e" diganti"ing"
-write -riting
-take -taking
5.Jika berakhir"ee"maka langsung ditambah"ing"
-see -seeing
-agree -agreeing
6.Jika berakhiran "ie"maka diganti"y" lalu ditambah"ing"
-die -dying
-lie -lying
7.Pada kata-kata kerja yang terdiri dari dua suku kata atau lebih,dan suku terakhir dibaca dengan tekanan,dan diakhiri dengan satu huruf mati,huruf mati itu digandakan lalu ditambah-ing
-admit -admitting
-prefer -preferring
Thank for reading GRAMMAR FOR TOEFL 2 LENGKAP in my blog.
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